Response of SOD Activity of Earthworm to Soil Plumbum Pollution

该研究采用人工土壤试验法,检测在不同 Pb 浓度土壤中赤子爱胜蚓（ Eisenia fetida）SOD 酶活性变化。结果表明,染毒第5天时,受到低浓度 Pb胁迫的蚯蚓体内 SOD活性降低,而受到高浓度 Pb胁迫的蚯蚓体内SOD 活性不同程度的升高。染毒第15天时,蚯蚓体内 SOD活性随土壤中 Pb浓度的增大而升高。     

圆滑番荔枝叶乙醇提取物不同萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌的抑菌活性测定

采用液-液分配法对圆滑番荔枝叶乙醇提取物进行萃取分离,得到石油醚、三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯等不同萃取组分。采用生长速率法测定不同萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌的抑制作用。结果表明:乙酸乙酯萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌的抑制作用最强,其中20 mg/mL乙酸乙酯萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌菌丝生长的抑制率达到74.43%,具有较好的抑菌效果。     

侧孢短芽孢杆菌 BL-21产抗菌物质发酵条件的研究

[目的]侧孢短芽孢杆菌菌株 BL-21是一株生防菌,对烟草赤星、小麦赤霉以及稻瘟病菌等多种植物病原真菌具有抑制菌丝体生长的作用。将侧孢短芽孢杆菌的培养基进行优化,可提高抗菌物质的产量。[方法]通过单因子试验对菌株 BL-21产抗菌物质的条件及培养基成分进行了优化,并对指示菌进行筛选。[结果]通过试验得到最适指示菌为烟草赤星病菌,最优的培养条件为,培养基初始 pH值8.0、培养温度30℃、装液量90 ml/250 ml、转速180 r/min、发酵时间48 h,并明确了以葡萄糖作为碳源,以牛肉膏作为氮源最有利于抗菌物质的产生。加入5 g/L NaCl和0.2 g/L MnSO4可提高抗菌物质的产量。[结论]优化的培养基更有利于抗菌物质的产生,为今后的进一步研究奠定良好的基础。     

光敏剂对斜纹夜蛾细胞的光活化杀虫活性、单线态氧及稳定性

[目的]提高光敏剂的光稳定性,延长光敏剂在环境中的半衰期。[方法]该研究以典型光敏剂α-三联噻吩为模板,利用生物等排原理,以苯环代替噻吩环,合成了光敏剂2,5-二苯基噻吩和2,5-二乙炔苯基噻吩,并研究了所合成的光敏剂的对斜纹夜蛾细胞的光活化毒力、单线态氧及光稳定性。[结果]光敏剂2,5-二苯基噻吩对斜纹夜蛾细胞的24和48 h的抑制中浓度IC50值分别为0.22和0.16μg/ml,2,5-二乙炔苯基噻吩斜纹夜蛾细胞的24和48 h的抑制中浓度 IC50值分别为0.06和0.04μg/ml;在紫外光照下,光敏剂2,5-二苯基噻吩和2,5-二乙炔苯基噻吩产生的1O2能力分别为1.0475和1.5294μg/mmol;2,5-二苯基噻吩和2,5-二乙炔苯基噻吩在甲醇中降解动力学方程分别为 Ct=5.2271e-0.061t和 Ct=5.0842e-0.0973t,其半衰期分别为111.79和7.12 h。[结论]所合成的光敏剂2,5-二苯基噻吩具有良好的光活化激发产生单线态氧的能力,对斜纹夜蛾SL细胞具有良好的光活化毒杀作用,克服了光活化杀虫剂见光易分解等不足,因此2,5-二苯基噻吩具有开发成光活化杀虫剂的潜力。     

烤烟不同前作土壤酶活性的生育期变化分析及植烟后对其影响的研究

以水稻土及旱地红壤为供试土壤,采用盆栽试验,研究烤烟不同前作土壤酶活性的生育期变化及植烟后对其的影响。结果表明,2种前作土壤的3种酶活性在烟株生育期内变化不一,旱地土壤的过氧化氢酶从旺长期到采摘期总体呈下降的规律,而水稻土逐渐下降在采摘期又开始升高;2种前作土壤的的磷酸酶在生育期内都随着时间延长活性逐渐升高,旱地土壤的脲酶活性在各个时期内逐渐降低,水稻土的规律表现不明显。植烟后两种前作土壤的酶活性呈现出一定的规律,旱地红壤条件下过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性表现为先升高再降低的规律,酸性磷酸酶表现为逐渐升高的规律;水稻土条件下的过氧化氢酶表现为先升高再降低的规律,酸性磷酸酶表现为先降低再逐渐升高的规律,脲酶表现为先升高再降低再升高的规律;除了个别土壤酶在旺长期与对照差异不显著外,其他均与对照达到显著或极显著水平,说明烤烟生长对土壤酶活性的影响较大。     

Soil Organic Carbon,Black Carbon,and Enzyme Activity Under Long- Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon （SOC）, black carbon （BC）, enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK （two-fold NPK）, NPK＋manure （NPKM）, and CK （no fertilization）, N, 90 kg urea-N ha^-1 yr^-1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P205 ha^-1 yr^-1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K20 ha^-1 yr^-1; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios （BC/SOC） ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.     

Diversity of Antioxidant Content and Its Relationship to Grain Color and Morphological Characteristics in Winter Wheat Grains

The current interest in the health beneifts of whole wheat grain has prompted breeders to further increase the concentration of antioxidants in wheat. The objective of this study was to investigate the variation in antioxidant content among Chinese wheat grains and the relationship between antioxidants and grain color and morphological characteristics. A wide variation was observed in the total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents, as well as the antioxidant activity （AOA）, of Chinese wheat varieties. Black wheat had the highest mean total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents and the highest AOA, followed by red and white wheats. The grain color parameters were signiifcantly negatively correlated with total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents and AOA among all of the wheat varieties examined, and grain weight was also signiifcantly negatively correlated with these traits. The same correlation between grain weight and antioxidant traits was also observed within individual groups of wheat, which indicates that grain weight may be used as an index for selecting wheat varieties with high AOA. Landraces had signiifcantly higher lfavonoid content than commercial wheat varieties. The results of this study may be useful for breeding nutrient-rich wheat varieties.     

外源硅对青枯病感病番茄叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨青枯菌侵染下外源硅处理对番茄青枯病的抗性效果及生理作用机理,为青枯病的有效防治提供参考依据.【方法】选择青枯病易感番茄品种为试验材料,通过盆栽土培和水培试验,研究硅处理和青枯菌Ralstonia solanacearum接种对番茄青枯病病情指数、叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响.【结果和结论】硅能显著增强番茄青枯病抗性.硅处理使青枯病的病情指数在土培试验和水培试验下分别降低29.1%~93.0%和6.3%~100.0%.青枯菌侵染条件下硅处理能显著增加番茄叶片抗氧化酶活性.在土培试验中,加硅使番茄叶片的POD、CAT酶活性分别增加了43.17%和23.17%;水培试验在接种第3天,加硅使POD、CAT、PAL酶活性分别增加了122%、337%和31%.本研究表明硅对番茄青枯病的抗性机理可能是硅诱导植物产生一系列生物化学防御反应,增强了番茄对青枯病菌的抗性.     

生物絮凝高活性菌株筛选及发酵优化

【目的】从种植野生稻的稻田土壤中分离筛选对环境无污染、具有高效生物絮凝活性的菌株.【方法】采用VM培养基从药用野生稻中分离135个菌株,以发酵液对高岭土悬液絮凝效果为指标,筛选到絮凝活性高的菌株YH39.【结果和结论】16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌株与越南伯克霍尔德菌Burkholderia vietnamiensis有98.6%的相似性.YH39产絮凝剂最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为硝酸钾.发酵动力学研究表明,菌株YH39发酵培养16 h,菌体浓度和絮凝活性达到最高值.对絮凝剂成分分析表明,絮凝剂为多糖,具有很好的耐热性,在60℃下加热30min,絮凝活性不改变.应用研究结果表明,此絮凝剂对3种印染废水均有很好的絮凝效果,不仅可以高效地降低废水的CODCr,还有很好的脱色效果.     

三尖杉内生真菌S19次生代谢产物的结构与活性

为探明三尖杉内生真菌S19的次生代谢产物的结构与活性,采用形态学特征和ITS序列鉴定菌株,利用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20柱层析和重结晶等方法对该菌株的发酵产物进行分离、纯化,并结合所得化合物的理化性质和波谱数据鉴定其结构,通过测试菌对其次生代谢产物进行活性测试。结果表明：菌株 S19为黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus ）,从其发酵产物中分离得到6个化合物,分别为5-羟甲基呋喃-3-羧酸（1）、麦角甾醇（2）、β-谷甾醇（3）、豆甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6α-三醇（4）、胶霉毒素（5）和丁二酸（6）。黄曲霉（S19）可以大量产生5-羟甲基呋喃-3-羧酸（1）。化合物1对大肠杆菌抑菌活性较好,其 MIC 值为15．6μg／mL;化合物5对测试菌均有很好的抑菌活性。